Green Synthesis, Ampicillin Functionalization, and Antibacterial Evaluation of Artemisia maritima-Derived Silver Nanoparticles
Corresponding author: Muhammad Shahid Cholistani
Abstract
Background: Plant-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles provides a sustainable route to antimicrobial nanomaterials, while antibiotic functionalization may enhance activity against clinically relevant bacteria. This study evaluated Artemisia maritima-mediated AgNPs and their functionalization with ampicillin. Methods: Aqueous A. maritima extract was used to synthesize AgNPs, followed by ampicillin functionalization. Phytochemical screening, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, temperature- and time-dependent UV-Vis analysis, and antibacterial testing against five bacterial pathogens were performed. Results: Surface plasmon resonance peaks occurred at 401 nm for AgNPs and 457 nm for AMP-AgNPs, supporting nanoparticle formation and surface functionalization. XRD showed characteristic crystalline peaks at 2θ values of 27°, 32°, 38°, 44°, and 64°, while FTIR identified hydroxyl (3262.54 cm⁻¹), aromatic C=C (1507 cm⁻¹), and amine-related C-N (1023.07 cm⁻¹) groups. At 10 μg/mL, AMP-AgNPs produced inhibition zones of 34 mm against Escherichia coli, 32 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 31 mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae, exceeding the activity of non-functionalized AgNPs. Conclusion: Artemisia maritima-derived AgNPs were crystalline, phytochemical-capped, and successfully functionalized with ampicillin. Their enhanced antibacterial activity supports further investigation as antimicrobial nanomaterials, with future work requiring standardized susceptibility testing, particle-size analysis, and mechanistic validation.
Keywords: green synthesis; Artemisia maritima; silver nanoparticles; ampicillin functionalization; antibacterial activity; nanoparticle characterization
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This research received no external funding.
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The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Relevant experimental records are retained by the authors at their respective institutions.
Author contributions
Muhammad Talal Rahim: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, and Writing—original draft. Mubbara Ramzan: Investigation, Validation, Data curation, Visualization, and Writing—review and editing. Muhammad Shahid Cholistani: Supervision, Resources, Project administration, Validation, Writing—review and editing, and Corresponding author. Umer Younas: Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, and Writing—review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Muhammad Talal Rahim, Mubbara Ramzan, Muhammad Shahid Cholistani*, Umer Younas. Green Synthesis, Ampicillin Functionalization, and Antibacterial Evaluation of Artemisia maritima-Derived Silver Nanoparticles. Journal of Biological and Sustainability Sciences. 2025;1(1):12-23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21468871