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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Biological and Sustainability Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group>
      <publisher><publisher-name>BIOSUSS Publishing</publisher-name></publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">nd6berqn728mpsvl2snuoesx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5281/zenodo.21510573</article-id>
      <article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
      <title-group><article-title>Isolation, Molecular Characterization, and Antimicrobial Profiling of Fructans from Cichorium intybus</article-title></title-group>
      <contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name>Ezza Shahid</string-name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name>Rabbia Shafqat</string-name></contrib></contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">Institute of Biological Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan (Ezzashahid123@gmail.com) Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan (rabbia.shafqat123@gmail.com)</aff>
      <author-notes><corresp>Ezza Shahid</corresp></author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2025-08-18"><day>18</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date>
      
      <volume>1</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>34</fpage>
      <lpage>41</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2025 the authors</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Authors retain copyright.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract><p>Background: Fructans are fructose-based oligomers that function as reserve carbohydrates in several plant species, with notable abundance in the Asteraceae family. In Cichorium intybus (chicory), fructan biosynthesis is regulated by two key enzymes, sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST) and fructan:fructan 1-fructosyltransferase (1-FFT). Objective: The present study aimed to isolate, purify, and characterize fructans from chicory, alongside assessing their antimicrobial potential and associated genetic markers. Methods: Organic extracts were prepared using NaOH, HCl, ethanol, and chloroform, and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Genomic DNA was isolated using the CTAB method, followed by PCR amplification with 1-SST and 1-FFT primers, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Results: Chloroform and NaOH extracts exhibited the strongest antibacterial effects. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed high similarity (&gt;97%) of chicory gene sequences with related species, while revealing distinct SST and FFT sequences unique to C. intybus. Phylogenetic clustering linked chicory genes with members of Taraxacum, Lactuca, and Cynara, all known for fructan biosynthesis. Conclusion: These findings highlight chicory as a rich source of fructans with potential applications in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and biotechnological processes, while also providing molecular insights into its unique fructan biosynthetic genes.</p></abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated"><kwd>Inulin</kwd><kwd>1-SST</kwd><kwd>1-FFT</kwd><kwd>PCR amplification</kwd><kwd>Phylogenetic analysis</kwd><kwd>Antimicrobial activity</kwd><kwd>Functional foods</kwd></kwd-group>
      <custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>funding-statement</meta-name><meta-value>No external funding was received for this research.</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>conflict-of-interest</meta-name><meta-value>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>ethics-approval</meta-name><meta-value>Not applicable</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>data-availability</meta-name><meta-value>The data supporting the findings of this study are available in the laboratory records of the Institute of Biological Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan, and are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>author-contributions</meta-name><meta-value>All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
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